Inactivation, reactivation and regrowth of indigenous bacteria in reclaimed water after chlorine disinfection of a municipal wastewater treatment plant

Disinfection of reclaimed water prior to reuse is important to prevent the transmission of pathogens. Chlorine is a widely utilized disinfectant and as such is a leading contender for disinfection of reclaimed water. To understand the risks of chlorination resulting from the potential selection of pathogenic bacteria, the inactivation, reactivation and regrowth rates of indigenous bacteria were investigated in reclaimed water after chlorine disinfection. Inactivation of total coliforms, Enterococcus and Salmonella showed linear correlations, with constants of 0.1384, 0.1624 and 0.057 L/(mg·min) and R² of 0.7617, 0.8316 and 0.845, respectively. However, inactivation of total viable cells by measurement of metabolic activity typically showed a linear correlation at lower chlorine dose (0-22 (mg·min)/L), and a trailing region with chlorine dose increasing from 22 to 69 (mg·min)/L. Reactivation and regrowth of bacteria were most likely to occur after exposure to lower chlorine doses, and extents of reactivation decreased gradually with increasing chlorine dose. In contrast to total coliforms and Enterococcus, Salmonella had a high level of regrowth and reactivation, and still had 2% regrowth even after chlorination of 69 (mg·min)/L and 24 hr storage. The bacterial compositions were also significantly altered by chlorination and storage of reclaimed water, and the ratio of Salmonella was significantly increased from 0.001% to 0.045% after chlorination of 69 (mg·min)/L and 24 hr storage. These trends indicated that chlorination contributes to the selection of chlorine-resistant pathogenic bacteria, and regrowth of pathogenic bacteria after chlorination in reclaimed water with a long retention time could threaten public health security during wastewater reuse.     

天然和水热合成针铁矿对有机物厌氧分解释放CH4的影响

以乙酸钠为碳源,通过序批式实验研究了天然和水热合成针铁矿对铁还原菌-甲烷菌厌氧微生物生化系统中CH4释放量的影响.通过对实验过程中气体组分、溶液中总有机碳(TOC)、总无机碳(TIC)、Fe2+等主要组分的分析测定和固体产物的X-射线衍射(XRD)分析,结合对矿物的比表面(BET)、XRD、X-射线荧光光谱(XRF)分析表征,探讨了针铁矿在铁还原菌存在下对有机物厌氧消化产CH4的影响和作用机制.利用修正Gompertz方程对累计产CH4和CO2量进行拟合.结果表明,与对照实验组相比,添加针铁矿能使CH4累计释放量提前60～78 d达到最大值,并且能有效降低CO2释放量达30%～67%,添加水热合成针铁矿较之天然针铁矿更能促进CH4释放和减少CO2释放;固体产物分析表明添加针铁矿促使菱铁矿形成固定部分CO2.     

2株好氧反硝化菌的筛选及其强化贫营养生物膜脱氮效果

经富集培养、BTB培养基初筛与反硝化能力测定,从城市污水处理厂活性污泥中筛选得到2株好氧反硝化细菌.通过16S rDNA同源性分析对2株菌进行鉴定;并将这2菌株接种到贫营养生物膜体系中以探究它们对系统总氮的去除能力的强化.结果表明,这2株菌分别属于Pseudomonas aeruginosa和Pseudomonas putida,2株好氧反硝化菌单独存在时,对模拟废水的TN去除率分别达78%和82%;2株细菌强化后的生物膜系统对TN去除率达68%和64%,较非强化对照系统分别提高47%和43%,且NH4+-N去除率均接近100%.说明这2株好氧反硝化细菌具有较强的反硝化能力,并能够有效强化生物膜在贫营养条件下的反硝化能力,并且不会抑制生物膜硝化能力,可实现生物膜系统同步硝化反硝化.     

反硝化聚磷菌快速富集、培养及其荧光原位杂交技术鉴别

以污水处理厂A2/O厌氧段污泥为种泥,采用膜生物反应器(membrane bio-reactor,MBR)对反硝化聚磷菌(denitrifyingphosphate-removal bacteria,DPB)进行快速富集及培养,并提供一种鉴别方法.试验中以乙酸钠为碳源,并在缺氧段投加一定浓度的硝酸盐,结果表明,在膜组件的高效截留作用下,经过厌氧-好氧和厌氧-缺氧2个阶段的富集培养,35 d内反硝化聚磷菌占全部聚磷菌(phosphate-accumulating organisms)的比例从24%上升到93%.此时系统的脱氮、除磷效率均可保持在90%以上.通过荧光原位杂交技术(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)并结合常规测定手段对活性污泥进行鉴别,确定Pseudomonas sp.和Rhodocyclus sp.为主要的优势菌.     

Isolation of antifungal bacteria from Japanese fermented soybeans,natto

An inhibitory effect of a traditional Japanese fermented food, natto, was found against plant pathogens such as Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum, and the bacteria which showed inhibition were isolated from the natto. Among isolated bacteria, BC-1 and GAc exhibited a strong antagonistic effect in vitro against plant pathogens on an agar medium. The supernatant of bacterial culture also showed strong activity against R. solani, which meant the antimicrobial substances were produced and secreted into the medium. Both of the bacteria were estimated as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens from a partial sequence of the 16s rRNA gene. High performance liquid chromatography analysis clearly showed the production of the lipopeptide antibiotic iturin A by BC-1 and GAc.     

ZnO-NPs对好氧反硝化细菌Zobellella sp. B307的致毒机制

本文以一株筛自胶州湾沉积物中的好氧反硝化细菌Zobellella sp.B307为研究对象，在短期暴露条件下，通过细菌的生长、脱氮能力，相关酶活以及代谢途径等指标的变化，研究纳米氧化锌（ZnO-NPs）对该菌株的毒性效应；结合锌离子溶出试验、CAT和ROS等氧化应激水平测定，探讨ZnO-NPs对该菌株的致毒机制.结果表明，200mg/L的ZnO-NPs会使菌株硝酸盐氮去除率降至57.53%，LDH升高至对照组的378%，ROS水平高达对照组的5.34倍，SOD活性比对照组升高了60.32%，NIR活性仅为对照组的14.46%；ZnO-NPs主要通过诱导菌株活性氧的生成使其膜通透性改变、相关酶活性下降，并使相关蛋白质、氨基酸的合成及基因表达等代谢通路受到影响，进而抑制该菌株的反硝化能力；游离锌离子的产生可能不是ZnO-NPs对菌株的主要致毒途径.     

Cd~(2+) removal from wastewater by sulfate reducing bacteria with an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor

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Tolerance of Freshwater Invertebrates to Changes in Water Salinity

Tolerance to an increase or decrease in water salinity was studied in experiments with some species of freshwater turbellarians, oligochaetes, leeches, mollusks, crustaceans, caddis flies, biting midges, and chironomids from water bodies of the Upper Volga basin. Insect larvae and crustaceans were most tolerant, whereas mollusks and leeches were sensitive to a decrease in water salinity. Specific responses of the studied species to changes in water salinity were revealed.     

面源污染诱导嘉陵江沉积物中细菌群落结构与功能异变

通过分析嘉陵江沉积物中细菌群落多样性变化,揭示面源污染对嘉陵江水环境的影响,为嘉陵江流域的环境保护与资源利用提供依据.于2020年12月在嘉陵江面源污染型支流的入江口采集非面源污染样品、面源污染样品和面源污染干扰样品这3种类型沉积物.利用高通量测序技术分析嘉陵江不同类型沉积物中细菌群落结构、多样性及功能类型.结果表明：嘉陵江不同类型沉积物的理化性质和细菌群落多样性均存在显著性差异(P<0.05).沉积物细菌的优势菌群为变形菌门,其次为蓝藻菌门、绿弯菌门、放线菌门和酸杆菌门(相对丰度>1%),面源污染导致蓝藻菌门显著减少,促进酸杆菌门显著增加(P<0.05).水解氮、总氮、有机碳和pH值为嘉陵江沉积物细菌群落变化的主要影响因子.沉积物细菌群落主要涉及到了细胞过程、环境信息处理、遗传信息处理和新陈代谢4类一级代谢功能,二级功能在全局及概要图、碳水化合物代谢、氨基酸代谢和能量代谢等18类基因功能方面表现活跃,面源污染诱导了脂质代谢、外源生物降解与代谢、折叠、分类和降解和膜运输等主要二级功能发生异变(P<0.05).综上所述,面源污染造成沉积物细菌群落结构与功能发生变化...     

增温及秸秆施用对豆-麦轮作土壤微生物量碳氮及细菌群落结构的影响

为研究增温和秸秆施用对农田土壤微生物量碳氮和细菌群落结构的影响,设置随机区组试验,试验设置空白(CK)、增温(WA)、秸秆施用(SA)和增温及秸秆施用(WS)这4种处理.分别在大豆生长季和冬小麦生长季采集土壤样品,测定土壤微生物量碳氮,并采用Illumina Hi Seq高通量测序法测定土壤细菌群落结构.结果表明,无论是大豆季还是冬小麦田,不同增温及秸秆施用处理的土壤微生物量碳含量均无显著(P 0. 05)差异,大豆季增温处理土壤微生物量氮含量显著(P 0. 01)高于对照,且大豆季土壤微生物量氮含量极显著(P 0. 001)高于冬小麦田.大豆季各处理间土壤细菌纲、目、科和属水平上的类群均无显著(P 0. 05)差异,冬小麦季不同处理间的细菌群落结构存在显著差异.大豆季CK与WA、SA处理最具优势的芽单胞菌目(Gemmatimonadales)、芽单胞菌科(Gemmatimonadaceae)和鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)的细菌比例之间均存在显著(P 0. 05)差异,冬小麦季CK与WA处理最具优势的γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)的细菌比例之间存在显著(P 0. 05)差异.大豆季增温处理的物种数、Shannon指数、Simpson指数和Chao1指数均最小,冬小麦季增温及秸秆施用处理的物种数、Shannon指数、Simpson指数和Chao1指数均最大.大豆季土壤细菌α多样性指标与土壤微生物量碳氮之间存在极显著(P 0. 001)的相关关系,而冬小麦季这些指标之间则不存在类似的关系.